Bhakti Thapa (1741–1815) was one of the most revered military commanders of Nepal, known for his extraordinary courage and patriotism during the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816). As a seasoned veteran, his leadership in the Battle of Deothal became legendary, where he fought against the British forces at the age of 74, leading his troops with undying spirit until his last breath. Bhakti Thapa’s life is a narrative of loyalty, sacrifice, and unwavering commitment to the defense of Nepal, cementing his place as a heroic figure in Nepalese history.
Early Life and Background
Bhakti Thapa was born in 1741 in Lamjung, a region that was then part of a small independent state in western Nepal. He was born into a Chhetri family, part of the warrior caste, which set the foundation for his future in military service. His early life was defined by the turbulent political landscape of Nepal, marked by the rise of the Gorkha kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah and subsequent unification campaigns.
He began his military career in the service of the Chaubisi Kingdom of Lamjung, where he gained experience in various regional conflicts among the small principalities of the Himalayas. Over time, he developed a reputation as a formidable warrior and a shrewd military strategist.
Service in the Unification Campaign
Bhakti Thapa’s career reached new heights during Nepal’s unification campaigns under Prithvi Narayan Shah and later, under King Bahadur Shah, as the kingdom expanded its territory. When Lamjung was eventually annexed by the Gorkha kingdom, Thapa, recognizing the inevitability of Nepal’s unification efforts, switched his allegiance to the Gorkhas, serving under King Rana Bahadur Shah.
Bhakti Thapa played a crucial role in several key military campaigns during the unification of Nepal, including battles in the western hills. He was known for his fierce loyalty, military acumen, and bravery on the battlefield. As a trusted commander, he helped extend Nepal’s borders and secure the Gorkha dynasty’s rule over much of the territory that constitutes modern-day Nepal.
Governance of Doti and the Western Command
Following the unification campaigns, Bhakti Thapa was appointed as the governor of Doti, one of the newly acquired western provinces. As governor, he administered the region with a mix of military discipline and administrative skill, maintaining peace and ensuring the loyalty of the local population. His governance was marked by efforts to integrate the diverse western regions into the broader framework of the Gorkha kingdom.
In addition to his administrative duties, Bhakti Thapa was responsible for the defense of the western frontier, an increasingly crucial role as tensions with the British East India Company escalated. By this time, he had become one of the most respected military leaders in the kingdom, known for his ability to inspire his troops and his unwavering commitment to Nepal’s sovereignty.
The Anglo-Nepalese War: Prelude to Battle
The Anglo-Nepalese War began in 1814 as a result of border disputes between Nepal and the British East India Company. The war presented a daunting challenge for Nepal, as the Gorkha forces were outnumbered and outgunned by the technologically advanced British military.
As the British launched their campaign, they targeted key strategic points along Nepal’s border, including the western regions under Bhakti Thapa’s command. The British aimed to weaken Nepal’s defenses by capturing forts and strongholds, thereby forcing the Gorkhas to concede to British demands.
Battle of Deothal: The Heroic Last Stand
The most famous episode of Bhakti Thapa’s military career occurred at the Battle of Deothal, near the Malaun Fort, during the Anglo-Nepalese War. Despite his advanced age, Bhakti Thapa took command of the Gorkha forces, determined to defend the fort against the British onslaught led by Major-General David Ochterlony.
On April 16, 1815, the battle commenced with intense fighting on the steep and rugged terrain of Deothal. The British, equipped with superior artillery and a larger force, launched a series of frontal assaults on the Gorkha positions. Bhakti Thapa, clad in traditional Nepali armor, led his men from the front, displaying exceptional valor and tactical skill.
Despite his age, Thapa wielded his Khukuri, the iconic Nepalese blade, and fought fiercely alongside his soldiers. His presence on the battlefield energized his troops, who were inspired by their commander’s refusal to retreat. Bhakti Thapa’s leadership in the heat of battle epitomized the fighting spirit of the Gorkhas, as they managed to hold off repeated British advances.
In the thick of the battle, Bhakti Thapa was mortally wounded by British artillery fire. Even as he lay dying, he urged his soldiers to continue fighting. His death marked a turning point in the battle, as the Gorkha forces, overwhelmed by the British, were eventually forced to retreat. Despite the loss, Bhakti Thapa’s stand at Deothal was hailed as a heroic defense against overwhelming odds.
British Honor and Recognition
Bhakti Thapa’s bravery at Deothal earned him the respect of his adversaries. The British, deeply impressed by his courage and martial prowess, treated his body with honor and returned it to the Gorkhas with full military respect. His gallantry was acknowledged by Major-General Ochterlony, who is said to have expressed admiration for the elderly warrior’s unwavering resolve.
This recognition from the British underscored the profound respect that the Gorkhas had earned as formidable fighters. Bhakti Thapa’s death did not signify defeat but rather became a symbol of resistance against colonial aggression. His actions at Deothal became legendary, serving as a source of inspiration for generations of Nepalese soldiers.
Legacy and Commemoration
Bhakti Thapa’s legacy lives on in Nepal as a paragon of valor, loyalty, and patriotism. He is celebrated as one of the greatest military heroes in Nepalese history, representing the indomitable spirit of the Gorkhali soldiers who fought to defend their homeland. Statues and memorials across Nepal, particularly in his native Lamjung and at the site of the Battle of Deothal, commemorate his bravery.
His story is part of Nepal’s national curriculum, taught in schools to inspire young Nepalese with tales of courage and sacrifice. Folk songs, poems, and traditional narratives honor his contributions to the nation, ensuring that his legacy endures in the cultural memory of the Nepalese people.
Bhakti Thapa is often depicted in art and literature as the archetypal warrior, sword in hand, leading his men into battle with a fierce resolve that defies age and adversity. His heroism is celebrated annually, and his image serves as a reminder of the price of freedom and the valor required to safeguard a nation’s sovereignty.
Conclusion
Bhakti Thapa’s life is a testament to the principles of duty, honor, and sacrifice. As a leader who chose to fight to the end, his legacy continues to resonate deeply within Nepal, reminding the nation of the courage required to defend its independence. His unwavering commitment to his people and his homeland exemplifies the spirit of the Gorkha warrior, making Bhakti Thapa a legendary figure in Nepal’s rich history.
References
- Stiller, Ludwig F. (1973). The Rise of the House of Gorkha. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. This work provides insights into the Anglo-Nepalese War and Bhakti Thapa’s role in the defense of the western frontier.
- Regmi, D. R. (1975). Modern Nepal: Rise and Growth in the Eighteenth Century. Calcutta: Firma KLM. Regmi’s research provides a detailed account of Bhakti Thapa’s military campaigns and governance in the western regions.
- Smith, S. D. (1998). British Relations with the Gorkhas, 1792-1816. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This book covers the complex relations between Nepal and the British, including key battles involving Bhakti Thapa.
- Nepali Army Publications (Various). Publications from the Nepalese Army celebrate Bhakti Thapa’s contributions and provide military analysis of his strategies during the war.
- Oral Histories and Folktales: Oral accounts and folk traditions keep Bhakti Thapa’s memory alive, highlighting his valor and significance in Nepalese culture.
- Kirkpatrick, William (1811). An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul. London: William Miller. This historical account provides context to the Gorkha military tradition that shaped leaders like Bhakti Thapa.
Bhakti Thapa remains a revered figure, embodying the spirit of Nepalese resistance and the legacy of the Gorkha warriors who fought valiantly to protect their nation’s sovereignty.
